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Natural Food Color is any dye, pigment or any other substance obtained from vegetable, animal, mineral, or source capable of coloring food drug, cosmetic or any part of human body, colors come from variety of sources such as seeds, fruits, vegetables, algae & insect.
Bacteria: Bacteria The carotene production by a pigmented strain of bacteria Bacillus ( alkaliphilic yellow ). The Carotenoids astaxanthin, produced by yeast Phaffia Xhodoxyma, is considered as an important source of the natural pigment for colouring foods.
Temperature is an important factor in the production of type of pigment. At 20 °C mainly astaxanthin (80-85%) is synthesized. F ood spoiling xerophytic yeast produces highly pigmented colonies, which may also contribute in the natural colouring for food in near future.
Mould: Mould The pigment production by a mould of Monascus group, especially, Monascus purpurous and Monascus anka, for use as a food colour. Its crude pigment is red and marketed as red mould rice in powder form for use as household as well as industrial food colouring.
The pigment is extensively used in oriental countries like china, Indonesia, Japan, etc., as a general food colourants or as a colour additive in wine and also as preservative for meat. The production is a two stage process, first stage is for optimizing organism for growth, and second is for pigment production.
Plant Tissue Culture(PTC): D. Plant Tissue Culture(PTC) PTC in fermentation has the potential for the production of secondary metabolites such as pigments, flavoring compounds etc. This technique offers several advantages over the conventional plant sources which includes: More reliable and predictable, since it is independent of weather, season, plant variability etc. Continuous harvesting rather than once or twice in a year. Simple and easy extraction due to highly aqueous aggregates of cells instead of complex tissues of plant organs.
Reduction or even elimination of co extracted material thus minimizing or avoiding problems of the co-extracted material.
The gets its yellow color from a pigment and its green color from a combination of the same yellow pigment and blue. The blue and white bird in the background lacks the yellow pigment. The dark markings on both birds are due to the black pigment.Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a resulting from selective. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Many biological structures, such as, and contain pigments such as in specialized cells called. In some species, pigments accrue over very long periods during an individual's lifespan.Pigment color differs from in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective or, usually because of multilayer structures.
For example, wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well. Gives these their purple pigmentation.The primary function of pigments in plants is, which uses the green pigment and several colorful pigments that absorb as much light energy as possible. Other functions of pigments in plants include attracting insects to flowers to encourage pollination.Plant pigments include many molecules, such as,.
All biological pigments selectively absorb certain wavelengths of while others.The principal pigments responsible are:. is the primary pigment in plants; it is a that absorbs yellow and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting. It is the presence and relative abundance of chlorophyll that gives plants their green color. All land plants and possess two forms of this pigment: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b., and other photosynthetic contain chlorophyll c instead of b, while red algae possess only chlorophyll a. All chlorophylls serve as the primary means plants use to intercept light in order to fuel photosynthesis. are red, orange, or yellow.
During the process of photosynthesis, they have functions in light-harvesting (as ), in (energy dissipation via as well as singlet oxygen scavenging for prevention of photooxidative damage), and also serve as protein structural elements. In higher plants, they also serve as precursors to the plant hormone.Plants, in general, contain six ubiquitous carotenoids:,. Lutein is a yellow pigment found in fruits and vegetables and is the most abundant carotenoid in plants. Is the red pigment responsible for the color of. Other less common carotenoids in plants include lutein epoxide (in many woody species), lactucaxanthin (found in lettuce), and alpha carotene (found in carrots). In cyanobacteria, many other carotenoids exist such as,. Algal phototrophs such as use as a light harvesting pigment.While carotenoids can be found complexed within chlorophyll-binding proteins such as the and, they also are found within dedicated carotenoid proteins such as the of cyanobacteria.
(literally 'flower blue') are that appear red to blue, according to. They occur in all tissues of higher plants, providing color in leaves, plant stem, roots, flowers, and fruits, though not always in sufficient quantities to be noticeable. Anthocyanins are most visible in the of flowers of many species. Bracts get their color from. are red or yellow pigments.
Like anthocyanins they are water-soluble, but unlike anthocyanins they are synthesized from. This class of pigments is found only in the (including and ), and never co-occur in plants with anthocyanins. Betalains are responsible for the deep red color of.A particularly noticeable manifestation of pigmentation in plants is seen with, a phenomenon that affects the normally leaves of many and whereby they take on, during a few weeks in the season, various shades of, and.Chlorophylls degrade into colorless known as nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs).As the predominant chlorophylls degrade, the hidden pigments of yellow and orange are revealed. These pigments are present throughout the year, but the red pigments, the, are once roughly half of chlorophyll has been degraded. The released from degradation of light harvesting complexes are stored all winter in the tree's roots, branches, stems, and until next spring when they are recycled to re‑leaf the tree.Pigments in animals Pigmentation is used by many animals for protection, by means of,. Some animals including fish, amphibians and cephalopods use pigmented to provide camouflage that varies to match the background.Pigmentation is used in between animals, such as in.
For example, some use their chromatophores to communicate.The intercepts light as the first step in the perception of light.Skin pigments such as may protect tissues from by radiation.However, some biological pigments in animals, such as groups that help to carry oxygen in the blood, are colored as a result of happenstance. Their color does not have a protective or signalling function.Diseases and conditions A variety of diseases and abnormal conditions that involve pigmentation are in humans and animals, either from absence of or loss of pigmentation or pigment cells, or from the excess production of pigment. is an inherited disorder characterized by total or partial loss of.
Humans and animals that suffer from albinism are called 'albinistic' (the term 'albino' is also sometimes used, but may be considered offensive when applied to people)., also called 'fish scale disease', is an inherited condition in which one symptom is excess production of melanin. The skin is darker than normal, and is characterized by darkened, scaly, dry patches. is a condition in which dark brown patches of pigment appear on the face, influenced by hormonal changes. When it occurs during a pregnancy, this condition is called the mask of pregnancy. ocular pigmentation is an accumulation of pigment in the eye, and may be caused by medication. is a condition in which there is a loss of pigment-producing cells called in patches of skin.Pigments in marine animals Carotenoids and carotenoproteins are the most common group of pigments found in nature.
Over 600 different kinds of carotenoids are found in animals, plants, and microorganisms.Animals are incapable of making their own carotenoids and thus rely on plants for these pigments. Carotenoproteins are especially common among marine animals. These complexes are responsible for the various colors (red, purple, blue, green, etc.) to these marine invertebrates for mating rituals and camouflage. There are two main types of carotenoproteins: Type A and Type B. Type A has carotenoids (chromogen) which are stoichiometrically associated with a simple protein (glycoprotein). The second type, Type B, has carotenoids which are associated with a lipo protein and is usually less stable.
While Type A is commonly found in the surface (shells and skins) of marine invertebrates, Type B is usually in eggs, ovaries, and blood. The colors and characteristic absorption of these carotenoprotein complexes are based upon the chemical binding of the chromogen and the protein subunits.For example, the blue carotenoprotein, has about 100-200 carotenoid molecules per every complex. In addition, the functions of these pigment-protein complexes also change their chemical structure as well. Carotenoproteins that are within the photosynthetic structure are more common, but complicated. Pigment-protein complexes that are outside of the photosynthetic system are less common, but have a simpler structure. For example, there are only two of these blue astaxanthin-proteins in the jellyfish, Velella velella, contains only about 100 carotenoids per complex. A common carotenoid in animals is, which gives off a purple-blue and green pigment.
Astaxanthin’s color is formed by creating complexes with proteins in a certain order. For example, the crustochrin has approximately 20 astaxanthin molecules bonded with protein. When the complexes interact by exciton-exciton interaction, it lowers the absorbance maximum, changing the different color pigments.In lobsters, there are various types of astaxanthin-protein complexes present. The first one is (max 632 nm), a slate-blue pigment found in the lobster’s carapace. The second one is crustochrin (max 409), a yellow pigment which is found on the outer layer of the carapace. Lastly, the lipoglycoprotein and ovoverdin forms a bright green pigment that is usually present in the outer layers of the carapace and the lobster eggs.
Tetrapyrroles are the next most common group of pigments. They have four pyrrole rings, each ring consisting of C 4H 4NH. The main role of the tetrapyrroles is their connection in the biological oxidation process. Tetrapyrroles have a major role in electron transport and act as a replacement for many enzymes. They also have a role in the pigmentation of the marine organism's tissues.Melanin is a class of compounds that serves as a pigment with different structures responsible for dark, tan, yellowish / reddish pigments in marine animals. It is produced as the amino acid tyrosine is converted into melanin, which is found in the skin, hair, and eyes.
Derived from aerobic oxidation of phenols, they are polymers.There are several different types of melanins considering that they are an aggregate of smaller component molecules, such as nitrogen containing melanins. There are two classes of pigments: black and brown insoluble eumelanins, which are derived from aerobic oxidation of tyrosine in the presence of tyrosinase, and the alkali-soluble phaeomelanins which range from a yellow to red brown color, arising from the deviation of the eumelanin pathway through the intervention of cysteine and/or glutathione. Eumelanins are usually found in the skin and eyes. Several different melanins include melanoprotein (dark brown melanin that is stored in high concentrations in the ink sac of the cuttlefish Sepia Officianalis), echinoidea (found in sand dollars, and the hearts of sea urchins), holothuroidea (found in sea cucumbers), and ophiuroidea (found in brittle and snake stars). These melanins are possibly polymers which arise from the repeated coupling of simple bi-polyfunctional monomdric intermediates, or of high molecular weights. The compounds benzothiazole and tetrahydroisoquinoline ring systems act as UV-absorbing compounds.
There are several different types of melanins considering that they are an aggregate of smaller component molecules, such as nitrogen containing melanins.Bioluminescence The only light source in the deep sea, marine animals give off visible light energy called, a subset of. This is the chemical reaction in which chemical energy is converted to light energy. It is estimated that 90% of deep-sea animals produce some sort of bioluminescence. Considering that a large proportion of the visible light spectrum is absorbed before reaching the deep sea, most of the emitted light from the sea-animals is blue and green. However, some species may emit a red and infrared light, and there has even been a genus that is found to emit yellow bioluminescence. The organ that is responsible for the emission of bioluminescence is known as photophores.
This type is only present in squid and fish, and is used to illuminate their ventral surfaces, which disguise their silhouettes from predators. The uses of the photophores in the sea-animals differ, such as lenses for controlling intensity of color, and the intensity of the light produced. Squids have both photophores and chromatophores which controls both of these intensities. Another thing that is responsible for the emission of bioluminescence, which is evident in the bursts of light that emit, start with a luciferin (a photogen) and ends with the light emitter (a photagogikon.) Luciferin, luciferase, salt, and oxygen react and combine to create a single unit called photo-proteins, which can produce light when reacted with another molecule such as Ca+.
Jellyfish use this as a defense mechanism; when a smaller predator is attempting to devour a jellyfish, it will flash its lights, which would therefore lure a larger predator and chase the smaller predator away. It is also used as mating behavior.In reef-building coral and sea anemones, they fluoresce; light is absorbed at one wavelength, and re-emitted at another. These pigments may act as natural sunscreens, aid in photosynthesis, serve as warning coloration, attract mates, warn rivals, or confuse predators.Chromatophores are color pigment changing cells that are directly stimulated by central motor neurons. They are primarily used for quick environmental adaptation for camouflaging. The process of changing the color pigment of their skin relies on a single highly developed chromatophore cell and many muscles, nerves, glail and sheath cells. Chromatophores contract and contain vesicles that stores three different liquid pigments. Each color is indicated by the three types of chromatophore cells:,.
The first type is the erythrophores, which contains reddish pigments such as carotenoids and pteridines. The second type is the melanophores, which contains black and brown pigments such as the melanins. The third type is the xanthophores which contains yellow pigments in the forms of carotenoids. The various colors are made by the combination of the different layers of the chromatophores. These cells are usually located beneath the skin or scale the animals. There are two categories of colors generated by the cell – biochromes. Biochromes are colors chemically formed microscopic, natural pigments.
Their chemical composition is created to take in some color of light and reflect the rest. In contrast, schematochromes (structural colors) are colors created by light reflections from a colorless surface and refractions by tissues. Schematochromes act like prisms, refracting and dispersing visible light to the surroundings, which will eventually reflect a specific combination of colors. These categories are determined by the movement of pigments within the chromatophores. The physiological color changes are short-term and fast, found in fishes, and are a result from an animal’s response to a change in the environment.
In contrast, the morphological color changes are long-term changes, occurs in different stages of the animal, and are due the change of numbers of chromatophores. To change the color pigments, transparency, or opacity, the cells alter in form and size, and stretch or contract their outer covering.Photo-protective pigments Due to damage from UV-A and UV-B, marine animals have evolved to have compounds that absorb UV light and act as sunscreen. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) can absorb UV rays at 310-360 nm. Melanin is another well-known UV-protector. Carotenoids and photopigments both indirectly act as photo-protective pigments, as they quench oxygen free-radicals.
They also supplement photosynthetic pigments that absorb light energy in the blue region.Defensive role of pigments It's known that animals use their color patterns to warn off predators, however it has been observed that a sponge pigment mimicked a chemical which involved the regulation of moulting of an amphipod that was known to prey on sponges. So whenever that amphipod eats the sponge, the chemical pigments prevents the moulting, and the amphipod eventually dies.Environmental influence on color Coloration in invertebrates varies based on the depth, water temperature, food source, currents, geographic location, light exposure, and sedimentation. For example, the amount of carotenoid a certain sea anemone decreases as we go deeper into the ocean. Thus, the marine life that resides on deeper waters is less brilliant than the organisms that live in well-lit areas due to the reduction of pigments.
In the colonies of the colonial ascidian-cyanophyte symbiosis Trididemnum solidum, their colors are different depending on the light regime in which they live. The colonies that are exposed to full sunlight are heavily calcified, thicker, and are white. In contrast the colonies that live in shaded areas have more phycoerythrin (pigment that absorbs green) in comparison to phycocyanin (pigment that absorbs red), thinner, and are purple. The purple color in the shaded colonies are mainly due to the phycobilin pigment of the algae, meaning the variation of exposure in light changes the colors of these colonies.Adaptive coloration Aposematism is the warning coloration to signal potential predators to stay away.
In many chromodrorid nudibranchs, they take in distasteful and toxic chemicals emitted from sponges and store them in their repugnatorial glands (located around the mantle edge). Predators of nudibranchs have learned to avoid these certain nudibranchs based on their bright color patterns. Preys also protect themselves by their toxic compounds ranging from a variety of organic and inorganic compounds.Physiological activities Pigments of marine animals serve several different purposes, other than defensive roles. Some pigments are known to protect against UV (see photo-protective pigments.) In the nudibranch Nembrotha Kubaryana, tetrapyrrole pigment 13 has been found to be a potent antimicrobial agent. Also in this creature, tamjamines A, B, C, E, and F has shown antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunosuppressive activities.Sesquiterpenoids are recognized for their blue and purple colors, but it has also been reported to exhibit various bioactivities such as antibacterial, immunoregulating, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic, as well as the inhibitory activity against cell division in the fertilized sea urchin and ascidian eggs. Several other pigments have been shown to be cytotoxic. In fact, two new carotenoids that were isolated from a sponge called Phakellia stelliderma showed mild cytotoxicity against mouse leukemia cells.
Other pigments with medical involvements include, topsentins, and debromohymenialdisine have several lead compounds in the field of inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis respectively. There’s evidence that topsentins are potent mediators of immunogenic inflation, and topsentin and scytonemin are potent inhibitors of neurogenic inflammation.Uses Pigments may be extracted and used as.Pigments (such as astaxanthin and lycopene) are used as dietary supplements.References.